Jonathan Banks, WWF Climate Witness from Australia © WWF Australia

My name is Jonathan Banks. I am a 63-year-old farmer from the town of Pialligo, near the Australian capital of Canberra. I moved to Australia from the United Kingdom in 1974 and bought a five-acre apple farm in 1984. It has been an orchard farm for over 50 years and for the last ten years it has been certified as organic.

I retired in 1999 from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) where I worked as a research scientist on grain storage.

When I took over the orchard I used to do everything by the book with regards to spraying the fruit to combat pests. I found over time that the more spraying I did the more work there was. Slowly I went organic. The orchard was certified as organic 1994. The farm has always had a road side stall to sell the fruit locally, which is normally open four days a week.

Pests are becoming damaging
During the 1980s and early 1990s it used to be quite wet and we would have to pick apples between rain showers. It is not like this any more with decreasing rainfall.

I have kept records of when apple trees blossom and these days they come into bloom one week earlier than they used to. The growing season is longer too. It is drier and hotter. All this makes a big difference to the way I have to manage the orchard.

On the positive side, I can now grow Lady William apples due to the longer growing season. The season used to be too short for them to ripen. Now these apples blossom in early October and the fruit ripens the end of May or early June. And we get less fungus because of the hot, dry weather.

On the negative side, the pests are changing and becoming damaging. In the 1970s and 1980s there used to be only an occasional occurrence of fruit flies in the orchard. This has changed dramatically with the numbers of flie increasing every year due to warmer weather. In the past, the temperatures were too cool for the fruit fly to breed in large numbers. The worst year for fruit fly was 2005.

The trees and fruit get sunburnt these days because of a combination of water stress and higher UV rays.  I have to manage the sunburn by cutting off limbs that die and suffer the loss of good fruit.

A creak without water
In the past, the occasional fruit bat would lose its way and come to Canberra. Two years ago I had a large flock of fruit bats, maybe 60 a night, in the orchard. I expect them to be regular visitors now, which means I will lose more fruit. However, they are beautiful animals and I am willing to pay the price of losing some fruit in exchange for their company.

My creek no longer runs with water when it used to run continuously through out the year. I feel it is due to a lack of rainfall and increased temperatures, though land use change in the area may also be responsible. Less water may get to the creek. The very dry climate we now experience means I will have to start irrigating the orchard from the lake as early as spring, even when everything is in blossom. This was not the case in the past.

The impacts on the orchard from these changes include: